Reflecting upon the different models of the criminal justice system we Essay

Reflecting upon the different models of the criminal justice system we have studied, critically assess which you would most like - Essay Example Later on, the Judicature Act of 1873 was passed and the Criminal Appeal Act of 1907. Due process model According to Sanders, Young and Burton the English criminal system just like the American one, emphasizes on adversarial procedures and due process safeguards. The relevance of the due process in the English law is advised by the fact witnesses could be biased or the police force may interfere with the whole process. By insisting on a formal adjudicative process, the accused are able to get justice and beside, the entire process prevents the miscarriage of justice as an end to itself. In addition the due process discourages the law enforcement agencies from abusing power and breaking rules, while encouraging the primacy of the individual citizen. The role of the police in the criminal justice system is very constrained. As Wells and Quick (2010) observe in Wales and England, police can go as far taking an inquisitorial role but cannot force citizens to produce testimony against thei r will. The due process starts once an adversarial relationship has been formed or after becomes a suspect. In all fairness once can see that the role of the police is very limited in English and Wales criminal system. ... k (2010) the due process model as practiced in England and Wales, involves the use of procedural and evidentiary rules in order to avoid to prevent miscarriages of justice to the accused. Wells and Quick (2010) liken the due process model to an assembly line or an obstacle course designed to prevent the accused from progressing through the criminal process. The need for incorporation of the due process in the English and Wales criminal system is characterized by the elements of miscarriage of justice and observance of human rights. Another core element of the system is presumption of innocence doctrine, which is prescribed to by many other judicial systems all over the world. Presumption of innocence doctrine This is a core tenet in the criminal justice system, and is equally appreciated in the European Convention on Human Rights. The presumption of the innocence doctrine further suggests that the onus lies on the prosecution to prove the defendant’s guilt beyond reasonable do ubt. According to Wells and Quick (2010) by forcing the prosecution to prove its case against the accused in an adjudicative context, the accused acquires an enhanced opportunity to secure a favourable outcome. Shift from the due process system to the control system However, in the face of the increasing terrorist activities, and transnational crimes, the English government is under increasing pressure to adopt the crime control approach. At the same time, the English system is under pressure to initiate an appropriate legal framework to support the law enforcement agencies to control the levels of crime being experienced. The crime control model as suggested by Sanders, Young and Burton (2010) is based on the proposition that the repression of the criminal conduct is the main role of the

A Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

A Christmas Carol Essay What evidence is there in A Christmas Carol of social, cultural and historical contexts? A Christmas Carol is rich with historical, cultural and social contexts, all poignantly intertwined throughout the text. As the story is set in Victorian times, we are immediately given a sense of time and place in stave 1, by descriptions of both customs and daily routines. As the tale was set so long ago, there were obviously no modern appliances or conveniences. Dickens shows this as he describes Scrooges counting house. Scrooge had a very small fire, but the clerks fire was so much very smaller that it looked like one coal, and tried to warm himself at the candle. We are also given an insight into the era when Dickens outlines customs in the streets Meanwhile the fog and darkness thickened so, that people ran about with flaring links, proffering their services to go before horses in carriages, and to conduct them on their way The language used, I believe, is also influential to the overall story. Again Dickens is setting a time frame, which the tale adheres to, and the phrases used by some characters highlight this I am sorry with all my heart to find you so resolute. We have never had any quarrel, to which I have been a party. But I have made the trial in homage to Christmas, and Ill keep my Christmas humour to the last, Stop till I shut the door of the shop. Ah! How it skreeks! There ant such a rusty bit of metal in the place as its own hinges From the beginning of the novel and, obviously due to its title, we can see that there is much influence from the cultural aspects of Christmas. As the story is set in the festive season, great emphasis is stressed on Scrooges attitudes compared to those around him at this traditionally jovial time of year/ This is a major factor in the structure of the story, although it is the general social and cultural side of the holiday rather than the religious meaning. In fact religion is only suggested once, It might be pleasant to them to remember upon Christmas Day, who made lame beggars walk and blind men see, but isnt as important as the suggestion of charity and kindness to ones fellow man. The social aspects of the time, particularly the attitudes of some upper class towards the lower classes, play an important role in the story and are voiced by, and then turned against, Scrooge. When asked whether he wishes to support a charity, Scrooge replies that prisons and workhouses are all the charity the poor need. The harshness of these remarks are later presented to Scrooge in a different context and he begins to realize the full error of his ways- a major point in the story. Dickens, contrary to Scrooges thinking, later criticizes these opinions when we are shown the extent of the Cratchits poverty. I believe the sympathy Dickens arouses when describing the house, stems from his own childhood where he was forced to work in a workhouse similar to those Scrooge talks about. This, I think, provides strong emotional aspects in the text and enables Dickens to effectively compel his audience to disagree with the social views presented.

Fan Violence Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

Sports fans must have certain rules and regulations against them in order to maintain violence outbreaks during games. For the past decade, fan violence has gotten more and more out of control. There should be certain limits for fans so that violence can be prevented during games. The route of fan behavior comes from many different things, all of which can escalate into very serious situations during games. That’s when it can get very dangerous for the fans and even for the players. There are lots of different examples of fan violence in sports. For instance, a Kansas City Royal’s fan attacked an umpire named Las Diaz (â€Å"Fan†). On April 30, 1993, a tennis fan named Gunter Parche, who was a fan of another player; stabbed Monica Seles. He was a fan of another tennis player (â€Å"Fan†). Cleveland Brown fans threw thousands of beer bottles, cups and debris onto the field after a penalty call was taken back from the Browns (â€Å"Fans throw†). Players, coaches, and referees had to sprint out of the football stadium. On January 25, 1995, Manchester United striker Eric Cantona, assaulted a fan during a game against Crystal Palace after a fan said a racial slur toward him (â€Å"Fan†). On August 29, 2004 an Irish priest, Neil Horan, burst out of the crowd to race the leader of a 5000 meter race in the 2004 Summer Olympics (â€Å"Fan†). On September 13, 2004, Texas Ranger pitcher Frank Francisco threw a chair at a fan during a game after the fan spoke inappropriate language to him (â€Å"Fan†). On November 19, 2004, a brawl broke out between the fans of the Detroit Pistons and the players (â€Å"Fan†). There are many different causes of misbehavior from fans. Of course not all fans do it, but there are many that do. Alcohol is usually the root to the fans menacing behavior during sports games. William Ligue Jr., who was fan at one of the games, admitted he drank before beating someone up (â€Å"Alcohol†). The fans were described as uncontrollable beasts. Winning is supposed to cause you to drink for celebration (â€Å"Alcohol†). And then losing is supposed to cause you to cry in your alcohol (â€Å"Alcohol†). The alcohol industry markets hugely on risk-taking fans (â€Å"Alcohol†). Maybe that is why fans are causing such problems at games. Fans are more inclined to be binge drinkers rather than non-fans. Studies found 53% of sports fans binge-drink 5 or more drinks in a short period of time as opposed to 41% of mal... ...es.† http://www.usatoday.com/sports/columnist/oconnor/2003-04-17-ian.x-htm 17 2003. 03 Feb. 2005 5.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Home fans Behaving Badly.† http://www.collegeathleticsclips.com/archives/000169.html 28 2004. 03 Feb. 2005 6.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fans Rally Around Pacers.† http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8746-2004Nov23.html 24 Nov 2004-03 Feb. 2005 7.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fifteen Students Taken To Jail After Boilermakers’ loss.† http://www.landmark-project.com/citation_machine/index.php/mode=form&list=nonprint&cm-9. 26 Mar. 2000. 11 Feb. 2005 8.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Replay Riot.† http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/news/2001/12/16/jaguars_browns_ap/. 17 Dec. 2001. 11 Feb 2005 9.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fans throw bottles after call against Saints.† http://www.usatoday.com/sports/nfl/saints/2001-12-17-fans.htm 18 Dec. 2001 11 Feb. 2005 10.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fan violence.† http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/violence_in_sports 17 Feb. 2005 11.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fans subject to conduct code.† http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=1993569 17 Feb 2005. 22 Feb 2005

Big Black Good Man

Big Black good Man and Battle Royal I believe Richard Wright's story â€Å"Big Black Good Man† was written in a time when racial prejudice was a major factor in society. In Today’s society we still have racial prejudice, but it is not as strong as back then. The point in which Richard Wright wanted to get by writing this story is that people should â€Å"never judge others by their race†. In the story, Olaf mentioned Jim was not the first black man he serviced, but he started to make drama of Jim’s behaviors in his head. I think Olaf was the type of person who is ignoring that he is a racist but he actually is one.This was the most important point that Richard Wright was trying to make. This story is focusing more on characters. There were two characters, which responded very differently to the black man. Olaf, whom was working in a hotel for guest services, has an average life, average job and also average thinking. Based on the story Olaf is a type of ma n that is happy with his life and lifestyle and respects others the way they are. Although, as soon as it comes to big black man who enters the hotel every thing about him suddenly changes, some unexpected fear surrounds him.However, every day of Jims stays in the hotel Olaf would gain more fears of a big black man. In his mind, Jim is a big, black, loud and violent man that wants to kill him. On the other hand, Lena responded very differently to the black man. Based on the story, Lena was poor and wiling to do anything such as prostituting to earn money, in order to take care of her four children. Even at the arguments she had with Olaf, she mentioned that he is just another man with manly needs â€Å"He’s just a man†¦I handle ‘im. † She was seeing his as an ordinary man who had good money and wants her; of course it was no fear of him to her conflicting than Olaf.She was called to Jim’s room every night and she was willing to continue. I believe she wouldn’t care if he is black or if he is big, all that matters was the reality of Jim as a man who has money to lead her for taking care of her children. They also ended up liking each other, and started dating and at the end of the story Jim was thankful to Olaf as well. Lena stopped prostituting and making love with Jim; she must have seen him as a good man so she was willing to drop her income. On the other hand, when the story ends Olaf realized Jim was not a violent and harsh man he actually is a big black good man.In addition, when it comes to comparing we can compare â€Å"Big Black good Man† by Richard and â€Å"Battle Royal† by Ralph Ellison. The point in which both narrators wanted to make was the fact of differences in race and struggling of being different. â€Å"Battle Royal† is about young African American who is ? struggling to have a place in their society. It was kind of hard for people back then to deal with this situation and it was al so hard for black people to get into white society. It was all about equality and identity, which they did not have, back then.However, this story was written in 1947, black society in the U. S. was struggling to find an identity for itself separate from the unfair force accrued by a white culture. Ellison uses the theme of blindness throughout the story as he describes the relations between the narrator and the characters in the story. The paper describes the story, beginning with a strange type of the death of the narrator's grandfather and the advice he gave him about life and how to behave as a black man. Grandfather’s advice leads the whole story making narrator to fallow his advice and using it trough his life.In the story, young black boy struggle to get ahead in a predominately white society, he wanted to reach this goal in using his grandfathers advice. His grandfather told him to â€Å"live with your head in the lion’s mouth. I want you to overcome ‘em with yeses, undermine ‘em with grins, agree ‘em to death and destruction, let ‘em swoller you till they vomit or bust wide open†. I believe his grandfather was trying to tell him to conform to the white people. The whole story shows his struggle and hardships his taking to reach his goal by fallowing grandpa’s advice.At the end of the story he also gives out a successful speech of this advice at his graduation. In conclusion, throughout time racism has been the cause of millions of deaths. In early centires racial prejudice was a major factor in society, now we see less racial prejudice. So many people still struggling because of racist people and some people are hiding their racisom. In both stories authors are trying to tell audiences stop judging people by their look, color and culture, there is absolutely no different between white and black it’s just a color. Human is a human and life goes on with all differences in people. Big Black Good Man â€Å"Big Black Good Man† Racism has existed for as long as humans have walked the earth. â€Å"Big Black Good Man,† by author Richard Wright takes place in 1957 in Copenhagen, Denmark at a cheap hotel on the docks. Olaf Jensen is a 60 year old white night porter who sees all kinds of people come there for a room. When Jim, a 6 1/2 foot tall black sailor who works for American Continental Line, arrives, the dilemma begins. Olaf is frozen by the sight of Jim and wonders whether he should give him a room. But we must read more deeply into the text to know what Olaf is actually feeling.Despite appearances, Olaf is not a racist because he has a multi-cultural background, he is afraid of Jim's size and power, not his skin color, and he feels insecure in Jim's presence. First, Olaf is not a racist because he has a multi-cultural background. In his youth Olaf was a in the services he was a sailor. While in the services over the world traveled all over the world. During his wor ld travels, Olaf has been exposed to a diversity of people from different background, races and cultures.While in navy, Olaf lived side by side with people of color â€Å"In his days, he’d worked and eaten and slept and fought with all kinds of men. † Olaf had been exposed to so much with so many culture. Olaf even lived in the melting pot on the world. â€Å"He lived in New York city for ten years. † For him to live so long in a city with such diversity suggests a open-mindedness to tolerance for different. During his travels, he even had learned 8 languages: â€Å"English, French, German, Danish, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian and Spanish. He took the time to learn these languages so he could better understand the people he was associating with. This makes it hard to believe that he was a racist. 1950’s segregation was still going on at this time, but it didn’t make any difference to Olaf. He actually states â€Å"It was not the hotel did not admit men of color†¦. He took all comers, blacks, yellows, whites, and browns. † Olaf did not discriminate on the basis of skin color. â€Å"to Olaf men were men. † Second, Olaf is not a racist because he is afraid of Jim's size and power, not his skin color.Jim’s sheer size at â€Å" 61/2 feet into the air, almost touching the ceiling. † Would cause any men to be afraid. Olaf constantly emphasize Jim’s enormous physique and power, describe as â€Å"His chest bulged like barrel† and â€Å"his rocklike shoulders hinted mountain ridgesâ€Å" and â€Å"the stomach ballooned like a threatening stone. † Olaf description of Jim gives a great image of Jim as a massive size and intimating features. It is easy to understand Olaf fear of Jim. He afraid so Jim that â€Å"With just one look at Jim’s hands he would have shivers†. Olaf was completely terrified of Jim.Later in the story, Jim walked in to the office and demand Olaf to s tand. Standing inch apart Jim lifted his mammoth hand his around Olaf throat. † Olaf lost control of the reflex of his body and felt a hot stickiness flooding his underwear. Olaf fear made him loss control over his own bodily function. I only could imagine this situation and reacting any different then Olaf. Third, Olaf is not a racist because he feels insecure in Jim's presence. Olaf is a small 5†7† 60 years old Caucasian man. Although he wasn’t poor he wasn’t rich, either a lifetime of working, he was still only a night potter.In comparison, Jim who has money, youth and power. He envied Jim â€Å" the easy manner in which it moved with such a creeping powerful motion† He felt that Jim presence command attention and respect. Having this enormous men in his presence frightened and insulted Olaf. â€Å"He believed that this man had come here expressly to remind him how puny, how tiny, and how weak he was. † Olaf offers to take Jim‘s bag, but Jim replies â€Å"That‘s too heavy for you, big boy: I‘ll take it† Olaf feel that this man makes him inferior and less of a man. As a result, Olaf â€Å"Seethed against himself for his involuntary weakness†.He was angry for allowing this men to make him feel weak. Unable to stand up to Jim, he feels â€Å"Him self beaten†, stating â€Å"He thinks am nothing. † Olaf felt so belittle by this man specially after what happen with Jim in his office when due to true fear he wet him self he was so embarrassed that he couldn’t even tell his wife â€Å" he wept†¦. He went home and lied to his wife, he had an upset stomach. † Olaf was so embrace about what had happen he lied. Olaf was so insecure of him self after meeting Jim. This essay has made it clear that Olaf is not a racist but just a very afraid men.A men that aloud his fear cloud his judgments. Even thou he was afraid he never aloud him self to act upon his fears. T his story is a great example of how important close reading is. If you just focus on the vocabulary without putting any thought to what you read you could believe he is a racist. But once you look into the text and take into count the complete picture. An after only after you have read and reread is that the truth come to light. This story show us a great example of not judging a book by it cover. Even thou Jim was huge and scary he was one of the nice people.

Migraine Headaches

Jaquelyn Ballentine HE 101 Blua 10 November 2008 Migraine headaches What are migraine headaches? Where do they come from? How can you help prevent them? Migraine headaches cannot really just be simplified down to just one classification. There are many determining factors when classifying one.One type of migraine is a migraine without aura; this is probably the most common form of a migraine. These migraines can last anywhere between 4-72 hours non-stop, which can be pretty painful. Typical characteristics of this are unilateral location, pulsating quality, moderate or severe intensity, aggravation by routine physical activity and association with nausea and/or photophobia(sensitivity to bright light) or phonophobia(sensitivity to sound or noise). These symptoms can very much interfere with daily life and routines.The next type of a migraine is a migraine with aura, this is the second most commonly seen form of a migraine, and people who suffer from these might also suffer from migra ines without aura. The symptoms of a migraine with aura usually follow the symptoms of a migraine without aura. To diagnose this type of migraine it must follow the following criteria 1. Aura consisting of at least one of the following, but no muscle weakness or paralysis: fully reversible visual symptoms (flickering lights, spots, lines, or loss of vision) fully reversible sensory symptoms (pins and needles/numbness) fully reversible dysphasia (speech disturbance) 2.Aura has at least two of the following characteristics: visual symptoms affecting just one side of the field of vision and/or sensory symptoms affecting just one side of the body, at least one aura symptom develops gradually over more than 5 minutes and/or different aura symptoms occur one after another over more than 5 minutes, or each symptom lasts from 5-60 minutes. The signs and symptoms of a migraine vary among different people. Therefore, what is experienced before, during, and after a migraine cannot be exactly d efined. There are about 4 phases 1.The prodrome, which occurs hours or days before the headache, 2. The aura, which immediately precedes the headache, 3. The pain phase, also known as the headache phase, and 4. The postdrome. The pendrome phase: prodromal symptoms occur in 40-60% of all migraine sufferers. This phase may consist of altered mood, irritability, depression or euphoria, fatigue, yawning, excessive sleepiness, craving for certain foods (chocolate), stiff muscles (especially in the neck), constipation or diarrhea, increased urination, and other visceral symptoms.These symptoms occur usually between hours and days before the headache. Next is the pain phase. The typical migraine is unilateral, throbbing, and moderate to severe and can be aggravated by physical activity. Though the pain may be bilateral at the onset or start on one side and become generalized. These can last anywhere from 4-72 hours in adults and from about 1-48 hours in children. The frequency of these mig raines is extremely variable, from few in an entire life time to several times in a week. Te head pain also varies greatly in intensity.Then postdrome phase: the patient may feel tired; have head pain, feel â€Å"hung-over†, gastrointestinal symptoms, mood changes, and weakness. Some people feel unusually refreshed or euphoric after an attack. Where as others fell depressed. For some patients a 5-6 hour nap may reduce the pain, but slight headaches may still occur when standing or sitting quickly. Normally these symptoms will vanish after rest. Migraines are underdiagnosed and misdiagnosed. The diagnosis of migraine without aura according to the International Headache Society, can be made according to the following criteria, the â€Å"5, 4, 3, 2, 1 criteria†. or more attacks, 4 hours to 3 days in duration, 2 or more of-unilateral location, pulsating quality, moderate to severe pain, aggravation by or avoidance of routine physical activity, 1 or more accompanying sympto ms (nausea and/or vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia). A migraine trigger is any factor that, on exposure or withdrawal, leads to the development of an acute migraine headache. Triggers fall into different categories such as behavioral, environmental, infectious, dietary, chemical, or hormonal.Migraine attacks may be triggered by: allergic reactions, bright lights, loud noises, and certain odors or perfumes, physical or emotional stress, changes in sleep patterns, smoking or exposure to smoke, skipping meals, alcohol, menstrual cycle fluctuations, birth control pills, hormone fluctuations during the menopause transition, tension headaches, foods containing tyramine (red wine, aged cheese, smoked fish, chicken livers, figs, and some beans), MSG or nitrates like bacon hot dogs or salami, and other foods such as chocolate, nuts, peanut butter, avocado, banana, citrus, onions, dairy products, and fermented or picked foods.Conventional treatment usually focuses on three areas: trigger av oidance, symptomatic control, and preventive drugs. Patients often find that the recommended migraine treatments are not 100% effective at preventing migraines, and sometimes may not be affective at all. Once all diagnostic information has been collected and reviewed, then the best course of action can be determined.Whether that may be drugs or simple rest; the treatment varies greatly for each patient so as of right now there is no exact treatment for migraine headaches. Thorough research is being done, and many of the experiments that are being tested are on new drugs to better treat these symptoms. Throughout my family history many of my family members have bean diagnosed with migraine headaches so I have quite an idea of what these â€Å"patients† are going through, seeing as I am one of them.These migraine headaches are extremely painful and can take you away from normal activities such as going outside because the bright light, watching TV because of the noise, or even just studying because of the nerves and other things inside your brain that can have an affect on the migraine. Many treatments have been prescribed to chronic migraine sufferers in my family, but everyone still has yet to find one that has worked efficiently. This is a problem that needs to be fixed. That is one of the main reasons that I plan to pursue my career in becoming a neurosurgeon.The fact that I am a migraine sufferer has an enormous impact on my choice of career and I am determined to go through with it. Too many people suffer everyday from migraine headaches and most people who do not suffer from these do not know the actual pain that is associated with one.Works cited Wikipedia. com – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Migraine Migraineheadaces. com- http://www. migraineheadache. com/wsym. html Emedicinehealth. com- http://www. emedicinehealth. com/migraine_headache/article_em. htm

Introduction to JavaScript

Introduction to JavaScript JavaScript is a programming language used to make web pages interactive. It is what gives a page life- the interactive elements and animation that engage a user. If youve ever used a search box on a home page, checked a live baseball score on a news site, or watched a video, it has likely been produced by JavaScript. JavaScript Versus Java JavaScript and Java are two different computer languages, both developed in 1995. Java is an object-oriented programming language, which means it can run independently in a machine environment. It is a reliable, versatile language used for Android apps, enterprise systems that move large amounts of data (especially in the finance industry), and embedded functions for Internet of Things technologies (IoT). JavaScript, on the other hand, is a text-based programming language meant to run as part of a web-based application. When first developed, it was intended to be a compliment to Java. But JavaScript took on a life of its own as one of the three pillars of web development- the other two being HTML and CSS. Unlike Java applications, which need to be compiled before they can run in a web-based environment, JavaScript was purposely designed to integrate into HTML. All major web browsers support JavaScript, though most give users the option of disabling support for it. Using and Writing JavaScript What makes JavaScript great is that its not necessary to know how to write it to use it in your web code. You can find plenty of prewritten JavaScripts for free online. To use such scripts, all you need to know is how to paste the supplied code into the right places on your web page. Despite the easy access to prewritten scripts, many coders prefer knowing how to do it themselves. Because it is an interpreted language, no special program is required to create usable code. A plain text editor like Notepad for Windows is all you need to write JavaScript. That said, Markdown Editor might make the process easier, particularly as the lines of code add up. HTML Versus JavaScript HTML and JavaScript are complementary languages. HTML is a markup language designed for defining static webpage content. It is what gives a webpage its basic structure. JavaScript is a programming language designed for performing dynamic tasks within that page, like animation or a search box.   JavaScript is designed to run within the HTML structure of a website and is often used multiple times. If youre writing code, your JavaScript will be more easily accessible  if placed them in separate files (using  a .JS extension helps identify them). You then link the JavaScript to your HTML by inserting a tag. That same script can then be added to several pages just by adding the appropriate tag into each of the pages to set up the link. PHP Versus JavaScript PHP is a server-side language that is designed to work with the web by facilitating data transfer from server to application and back again. Content management systems like Drupal or WordPress use PHP, allowing a user to write an article that is then stored in a database and published online. PHP is by far the most common server-side language used for web applications, although its future dominance may be challenged by Node.jp, a version of JavaScript that can run on the back end like PHP but is more streamlined.

Position of Wage Labour in the United States

Position of Wage Labour in the United States Introduction One of the hefty criticisms of the early stages of industrialisation is that people were used as capital assets to facilitate the production processes particularly in the US.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Position of Wage Labour in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussing the impacts of capitalisation of labour on semi-skilled, unskilled, and skilled workers, Kremer points out how the workers were misused following the application of concepts of labour capitalisation during early economic times where they worked under intensively poor conditions (553). The same concept is developed by Dubofsky who argues that, in the early industrialisation age, many employers preferred low priced sources of labour such as children, females, and immigrants who were underprivileged (35). However, the contemporary labour markets of the United States views labour as a distinct resource that can be isolated from the traditional forms of capital since it is subject to controls by forces that are extrinsic to an organisation or any industry employing people. From this perspective, the focus of this research proposal is to examine whether the united State, over time, has fundamentally improved the position of wage labour or it has simply maintained the position of capital. To achieve this noble goal, statistics from the government of the United States are deployed as the primary source of data. Scholarly findings are also deployed to help in integrating the primary and secondary data findings to give a well-informed position on whether United States still clings to the position of capital or it has improved the position of wage labour. The US Department of Labour: Why was it Established? In responding to the question of whether the United States has improved the position of labour or has been maintaining the position of capital, the first chapter of the research will revi ew the circumstances that lead to the establishment of the U.S. department of labour, its mandates and its achievements in improving the welfare of the United States’ workforce.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The chapter will argue that, in an attempt to enhance change of perception that labour can be capitalised and hence subject to operation of market forces to determine labour pricing, several improvements to wages have been realised in a number of ways since the establishment of the United States department of labour. In fact, the U.S. department of labour is mandated to promote, foster, and develop wage earners’ welfares so that their working conditions can be improved coupled with making sure that they are engaged in profitable employments. For precise realisation of its mandates, the U.S. department of labour is given the authority to administer various federal laws of labour, which are meant to guarantee all the employees rights to working conditions. The US Employers Deprived of their Role to Determine Wages Under the ideologies of labour capitalisation, the employer has the supreme ability to determine the right wages to be paid to the workers so that the production process can proceed within the limits of the acceptable levels of profitability. The main question addressed in chapter two of the research will be the manner in which this supreme ability of the employers has been eroded in the United States’ labour markets so that the position of the labour wages is improved. To achieve this goal, the chapter will investigate issues such as role of the United States’ government in influencing the workers coupled with their movements. In this regard, it will be maintained that the main goal of government engagement in the workers’ movements is to ensure that the workers’ unions are d emocratic and independent from coercion by the employing agents. This will confirm Kremer’s argument that states’ role in enhancing freedom of labour unions in United States is aimed at ensuring that workers are shielded from being slaves of the state thus not acting as capital assets for the employers (556). According to Dubofsky, this is achieved through enactment of administrative and political policies coupled with manipulation of various legislative policies of labour unions (26).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Position of Wage Labour in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, labour unions are made stable, which has the implication of making workers have the motivation of joining unions as the only way of fighting for their wages, rights, and resolution of wages conflicts with the employers without the risks of being sacked. Additionally, the chapter will argue that the position of the labour wages has been incredibly improved through the creation of social stability emanating from the brave liberal ideas of corporate leaders that denying labourers the freedom and extension of ideologies of exploitation of humans’ resource are not the avenues for enhancing profitability. The US Labour Legal Frameworks Still in chapter 2, as a mechanism of setting the theoretical constructs of the research, the chapter will also consider scholarly criticisms and insights as to whether the United States, through its labour legal frameworks, has altered the agrarian society’s social, political, and economic welfare of the workers. In this argument, the chapter will draw the lesson learnt in the 19th century’s riots against establishment of power hegemonies. It is contended by Huff that such riots lead to the emergence of new demands, which truncate to making the United States workforce have both cultural and social autonomy in the work places (247). This autonomy was a major stepping-stone towards the creation of enabling platforms for workers to claim for wages that are commensurate to their efforts put in the production process without the fear of being prejudiced by the employers. The acquired autonomy also made employees to incredibly engage in labour strikes. Indeed, due to this autonomy, neither the employers nor the government managed to curtail the efforts for the workers to campaign for better wage positions. For instance, President Roosevelt’s government never succeeded in pushing for the legislative demands enacted by the American federation of labour (Lane and Pasteur 716). With this failure, the federation had no option rather than to link up with the Woodrow Wilson regime to promote the quests placed by employees. This resulted to an elementary increment of wage position of the workers.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, exempting labour markets from the action of free market forces is an immense challenge. However, one way of doing this is setting minimum wages. The application of this approach to enhancing wage position of the workers is discussed in chapter three of the research. Setting Minimum Wages In any capitalistic economy, when the free market forces are permitted to regulate labour market dynamic, wage inequalities are produced. To enhance equality, Lalibertà © argues, â€Å"a strong minimum wage can help make a genuine difference in outcomes† (8). Setting minimum wages prevents the emergence of low wage employees coupled with continued wage inequity growth. The debate on minimum wages is widely controversial since moral considerations as to what comprises a minimum wage that would enable workers together with their families to sustain their lives come into play. Arguably, setting of minimum wages is meant to ensure that employers do not employ groups that are vulnerabl e to capitalisation such as emigrants and children by virtue of the fact they would be willing to accept low wages and hence be capitalised so that the employers reap optimal profits at their expense. In the quest to improve the labour wages through the perspectives of minimum wages, concepts of living wages have emerged in the US’ labour market terminologies. According to Luce, â€Å"Basic Family Budget Calculator developed by the Economic Policy Institute, the Self-Sufficiency Standard, developed by Diana Pierce, and the Wider Opportunities for Women† (13) are some of the approaches that are used to compute living wages. Both of these approaches deploy the data collected by the US’ government institutions to arrive at an estimation of minimum housing cost, transportation, childcare, food, taxes, and healthcare costs. When all these costs are summed up, the government, through the department of labour, is able to come up with the total annual income required fo r general workers to sustain their lives. The block figure is then converted into hourly pay rates. The figure arrived at is usually higher than the minimum wage set by federal governments (Luce 14). Another approach of ensuring that the wage position of the employees is improved is setting the minimum wages at levels that would enable workers who work full time to attain the federal poverty line. Primary Sources Amid the attempts by United States to put in place mechanisms of improving the wages position of the workers, statistics indicates that instances of non-compliance to the guidelines are still evident. For instance, according to Sates Department of Labour: Wages and Hour Division 2007 statistics facts sheet, â€Å"results for the fiscal year 2007 show a total of 4,672 minors who are found illegally employed, an average of 3.7 minors illegally employed per investigation† (Para 10). Many of these violations involve situations where children who are under the age of 16 w ere found to work for many hours, very late in the night, and or very early in the morning. This is clearly a violation of working hour standards. With regard to United Sates Department of Labour: Wages and Hour Division 2006 statistics facts sheet, â€Å"WHD assessed nearly $3 million in child labour civil money penalties in the fiscal year 2006† (Para. 9). On the other hand, with regard to United States Department of Labour: Wages and Hour Division 2007 statistics facts sheet, WHD collected â€Å"nearly $4.4 million in child labour civil money penalties in fiscal year 2007† (Para.10). In 2008, according to the United States Department of Labour Employment Standards Administration, this figure reduced only by 0.2 million to stand at 4.2 million U.S. dollars (5). This statistics indicates that the idea of capitalisation of labour is still ingrained within the minds of some employers. Table showing Preliminary third-quarter 2012 productivity measures as a percent change from previous quarter, at Annual rate (Q to Q) and from same quarter a year ago (Y to Y) Nonfarm businesses businesses Manufacturing Durable manufacturing Non durable manufacturing sector Q to Y Q to Y Q to Y Q to Y Q to Y Q to Y Q to Y Q to Y Q to Y Q to Y productivity 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.4 -0.4 1.5 -0.7 3.9 -0.1 -0.8 output 3.2 3.3 2.7 3.2 -0.6 4.1 -1.0 7.4 0.0 0.5 hours 1.3 1.8 1.2 1.8 -0.2 2.6 -0.4 3.3 0.1 1.3 Hourly compensation 1.8 2.6 1.9 2.6 1.2 0.6 0.2 0.1 2.9 1.5 Real hourly compensation -0.4 0.9 -0.4 0.9 -1.1 -1.1 -2.0 -1.6 0.6 -0.2 Unit labour costs -0.1 1.1 0.4 1.2 1.5 -0.8 0.9 -3.7 3.0 2.4 Source: United States Department of Labour Bureau statistics (2) Discussion: The Way forward for the US Labour In the last chapter of the research; chapter 4, discussions and inferences will be drawn on the capacity of United States to precisely shun from capitalisation of labour as an endeavour to improve labour positions. However, it is crucial to note that alleviat ion of permitting market forces to determine labour prices rather than putting in place policies for setting minimum wages is driving the production sector into difficulties. This perhaps explains why there has been massive relocation of the United States-based factories such as Addidas to base their productions in Asia. In the new production regions, such companies have been accused of exploitation of workers in the quest for enhancing productivity. For instance, Nike and Addidas have been accused of child labour and paying very low wages to their employees in the foreign-based production factories. In context of this example, the question that remains is whether the approaches of wage improvements adopted by the US are failing thus prompting it to revert to the early industrialisation age where labour was capitalised. Conclusion Capitalisation of labour means that people working in industries could be optimised to help in yielding optimal profitability. However, the paper argued t hat this was a concept applied in the agrarian society. Due to societal transformations, the paper holds that the United States has improved labour wages since the age of agrarian revolution rather than focusing on the ideologies of labour capitalisation. Nevertheless, due to an intensive search for a mechanism of making the industrial sector competitive, there have been attempts by many firms such as Addidas and Nike to relocate to regions where labour costs are low. Consequently, a dilemma surfaces about whether labour market forces should be applied to determine the pricing for labour, or wages need to be set to certain minimum levels as a mechanism of improving them. Dubofsky, Melvin. The State and Labour in Modern America. North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1994. Print. Huff, Ann. â€Å"Persistent Effects of Job Displacement: The Importance of Multiple Job Losses.† Journal of Labour Economics 15.2 (1997): 165-253. Print. Kremer, Michael. â€Å"The O-Ring Theory of Economic Development.† Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.12(1993): 551-627. Print. Lalibertà ©, Pierre. â€Å"Social justice and growth: the role of the minimum wage.† International Journal of Labour Research 4.1(2012): 7-10. Print. Lane, John, and Michael Pasteur. â€Å"The Low-Wage Labour Market: Challenges and Opportunities for Economic Self-Sufficiency.† Journal of Labour Economics 16.5 (1998): 702-716. Print. Luce, Sophanie. â€Å"Living wage policies and campaigns: lessons from the United States.† International Journal of Labour Research 4.1(2012): 12-45. Print. United Sates Department of Labour. Wages and Hour Division: 2007 Statistics Facts Sheet, 2007. Web. United Sates Department of Labour. Wages and Hour Division: 2006 Statistics Facts Sheet, 2006. Web. United States Department of Labour Bureau statistics. Economic News Release, 2012. Web. United States Department of Labour Employment Standards Administration. Wage and Hour Di vision: Wage And Hour Collects Over $1.4 Billion In Back Wages For Over 2million Employees Since Fiscal Year 2001, 2008. Web.

What Do SAT Subscores Mean Expert Guide

What Do SAT Subscores Mean Expert Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips On first glance, your SAT score report may look completely confusing. Altogether, you’ll get a total of 15 distinct scores, or 18 if you take the essay section! While the scores are numerous, they're also helpful. They put your results under the microscope andgive you detailed feedback about your performance. This guide will demystify all these test scores, cross-test scores, and subscores so you can make the most out of yourSAT score report. Let’s start with a glossary to help you keep track of all the different score types. SAT Score Types: A Glossary These are all the scores that you'll get on your SAT score report. You'll also find out what percentiles your scores represent, or how you did compared to other test-takers in your grade. Total score:your two section scores added together. Section scores:your Math score and your Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score from 200 - 800. Test scores:your Reading, Writing and Language, and Math scores; range from 10 to 40. SAT essay scores:three scores for Reading, Analysis, and Writing, each between 2 and 8. Cross-test scores:a score for Analysis in History/Social Studies and a score for Analysis in Science, both between 10 and 40. Subscores:four subscores for skill areas in Reading and Writing and three for skill areas in Math; range between 1 and 15. As you can see, there are several score types with various scales. But how do these score types add up to 15 (or 18 with the essay) scores? Check out the chart below for the full breakdown. SAT Score Ranges: Full Breakdown # of Scores Score Type Description Score Range 1 Total score Sum of the two section scores 400-1600 2 Section scores Evidence-based Reading and Writing + Math 200-800 3 Test scores Reading, Writing and Language, and Math 10-40 3 SAT Essay scores Reading, Analysis, and Writing 2 - 8 2 Cross-test scores Analysis in History/Social Studies and Analysis in Science. These scores are based on selected questions in all three sections. 10-40 7 Subscores From Evidence-based Reading and Writing: Command of Evidence, Words in Context,Expression of Ideas, and Standard English Conventions. From Math: Heart of Algebra, Problem Solving and Data Analysis, and Passport to Advanced Math. 1-15 The most important scores for college and the ones with which you’re probably most familiar are your section and total scores. A perfect total score is 1600, and an average SAT scorefalls somewhere around 1000. Regardingsections, perfect section scores are 800, and average section scores fall around 500. While the new SAT scale should be relatively familiar tomost students, the cross-test scores and subscores are a bit unusual. Let’s take a closer look at what exactly these scores measure and why they’re important to understand. Like a weird hybrid pluot (plum + apricot), cross-test scores select from across sections to bring you an entirely new speciesof score. What Are SAT Cross-Test Scores? Cross-test scores represent your performance on questions across all three sections, Reading, Writing and Language, and Math. College Board categorizes questions into certain skill areas. The two skill areas that you need to know about to understand cross-test scores are called Analysis in History/Social Studies and Analysis in Science. You might be surprised to learn that there are questions in Reading, Writing and Language, and Math that are considered to measure your Analysis in History/Social Studies andAnalysis in Science skills. These skill areas aren’t limited to one section, but rather pop up across the entire SAT. In reading, Analysis in History/Social or Analysis in Science questions tend to be those based on History/Social Studies or Science passages, respectively. The same goes for the questions in Writing and Language. As for Math, these questions tend tobe word problems or data interpretation questions based on graphics. Here are a few example problems to show you which questions College Board categories as Analysis in History/Social Studies or Science. These sample questionsfrom Reading are allconsidered to test yourAnalysis in History/Social Studies skills. This example from Writing and Language is categorized as Analysis in Science. This example from Math is considered to be an Analysis in History/Social Studies question. You can find more examples by taking a look at the scoring guidesto College Board’s free official SAT practice tests. Not only do they help you score your sections, but they also mark the questions that fall into these two skills categories. That way you can calculate your own cross-test scores as you grade your SAT practice tests. I’ll explain how to do this in more detail below, but first, let’s take a look at the other new score type on the SAT, subscores. SAT subscores are like a photo taken with a macro lens; they reveal your performance in close, sharp detail. What Are SAT Subscores? SAT subscores, like cross-test scores, measure your performance on questions that fall into certain skill areas. Unlike cross-test scores, subscores don’t mix and match questions between all three sections. You’ll get subscores for questions inMath and subscores for questions in Evidence-based Reading and Writing. You’ll get seven SAT subscores. In Math, your subscores will measure these skill areas: Heart of Algebra, Problem Solving and Data Analysis, and Passport to Advanced Math. In Evidence-based Reading and Writing, your subscores will measure Expression of Ideas, Standard English Conventions, Words in Context, and Command of Evidence. Of course, you’re not expected to know automatically which questions fall into which skill areas. Let’s take a moment to define each. You can also check out ourmore detailed guides with sample questions for each section and skill area. What Are the Seven Subscore Skill Areas? First, we’ll consider the three skill areas in Math, followed by the four skill areas in Evidence-based Reading and Writing. #1: Heart of Algebra. These math questions ask you to solve linear equation and linear inequalities, interpret linear functions, and solve linear equation, inequality, or function word problems. #2: Problem Solving and Data Analysis. These math questions ask you to calculate rates, ratios, and percentages, interpret scatterplots and tables, and draw conclusions from collections of data. #3: Passport to Advanced Math. These questions ask you to solve quadratic equations, interpret nonlinear expressions, interpret nonlinear equation graphs, solve operations with polynomials, and solve quadratic and exponential word problems. #4: Expression of Ideas. These (typically Writing) questions ask you to make word choice or structural changes to improve a passage’s organization or impact. #5: Standard English Conventions: These (typically Writing) questions ask about grammar, usage, sentence structure, and punctuation. #6: Words in Context. In Reading, these questions ask you to interpret the meaning of a word or phrase or determine how word choice shapes meaning, style, and tone. In Writing, they ask you to add or change a word to improve meaning. #7: Command of Evidence. These questions are varied. In Reading, they may ask you to state your evidence for your answer to a previous question or to identify how an author uses evidence to support her claims. In Writing, these questions typically ask you to improve the way a passage develops information and ideas. In both sections, they might ask about the relationship between a passage and its accompanying informational graphic. All of these subscores, along with the cross-test scores and other score types discussed, will show up on your SAT score report. However, they’re not for your eyes only. Your prospective colleges that you’ve indicated as score recipients will also get to see all your scores. These score types are new this year, so how are colleges going to use them as they evaluate you as an applicant? Just how crucial are your cross-test scores and subscores for college? As it stands now, not very. How Do Colleges Use Your SAT Cross-Test Scores and Subscores? According to College Board, your detailed score report is great at â€Å"highlighting your strengths and showing colleges that you’ve been building the skills and knowledge you need for college and career.† They’re meant to show that you have skills like Analysis in Science and Command of Evidence to do well in college courses and life in general after high school. At this point, though, it doesn’t appear that your cross-test or subscores are particularly important for colleges. Many colleges are still catching up to the changes in the new SAT and figuring out which test they’ll accept for Class of 2017 and Class of 2018 students. For now, your section and total scores remain the most important metric for applying to college and determining whether your SAT scores make you a competitive applicant. Even though these cross-test scores and subscores don’t seem particularly important for college yet, they can still play a very influentialrole in your SAT prep. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! How Are SAT Cross-Test Scores and Subscores Useful? It may be tempting to look past these cross-test scores and subscores as unimportant, but they can actually be quite useful as feedback for your SAT prep. If you’re retaking the SAT, then you can use these scores to figure out your strengths and weaknesses as a test-taker. If you haven’t taken the SAT yet, then you can calculate these scores on your SAT practice tests to get the same information. For instance, you may be looking to raise your EBRW score. Your subscores may show that you’re solid on Expression of Ideas questions, but need to study grammar and usage rules to do better on Standard English Conventions questions. On Math, you may be strong onquestions in Heart of Algebra and Passport to Advanced Math questions, but need to focus your prep on Problem Solving and Data Analysis problems. Your cross-test scores and subscores point out the question types and skill areas that you should study to maximize your improvement for next time. As mentioned above, you don’t have to wait until you take the official SAT to get this kind of feedback. You can take the time to calculate your cross-test scores and subscores on your own from SAT practice tests. Figuring out your cross-test scores and subscores can be time-consuming, but it's well worth it if you're prepping for the SAT. How to Calculate Your Cross-Test Scores and Subscores from Practice Tests To score your practice tests, you can consult their accompanying scoring guide. As it turns out, the guidealso labels the questions that fall into the various skill areas pertinent to cross-test scores and subscores, like Analysis in Science, Words in Context, and Heart of Algebra. For instance, this example is taken from the scoring guideto College Board's SAT Practice Test 1 and tells you which questions fall into the Analysis in History/Social Studies and Analysis in Science skills categories: First, you use your practice test'sscoring guide to identify the relevant questions in a skill area. Then you calculate your raw score by simply adding one point for every correct answer. If you’re calculating your raw score for Words in Context questions, for example, then you would locate these questions with the help of the scoring guide and answer keyand add one point for every one you answered correctly. Then you can consult official conversion tables to convert your raw scores into scale scores. As you read above, your cross-test scores get converted into a scale from 10 to 40. Your subscores get converted to a scale between 1 and 15. Below are the cross-test score and subscore conversion tables provided by College Board. SAT Cross-Test Score Conversion Table (10 - 40) SAT Subscore Conversion Table (10 - 15) For an even more detailed list of step by step instructions for calculating your cross-test scores and subscores, you should consult ourcomprehensive guide on SAT scoring. While this process may feel a bit tedious and time-consuming, it can really be worth it. These scores can give you invaluable insight into your strengths and weaknesses as a test-taker and help you prep smarter for your next test. To Sum Up†¦ Your SAT score report may look like a bunch of confusing numbers at first, but hopefully, now you understand what all those scores mean. Your total scores will fall between 400 and 1600. Your section scores for Math and Evidence-based Reading and Writing range between 200 and 800. Your cross-test scores and subscores dig deeper into your performance, revealing how well you did on specific skill areas and question types. Cross-test scores, as their name indicates, sample questions across all three subjects. Subscores shed light on questions from Math and Evidence-based Reading and Writing. While these specific scores don’t seem to be particularly important for colleges yet, they will appear on your SAT score reports and be visible to admissions officers. For now, they’re most useful as feedback for your skills as a test-taker and areas for growth. Whether you’re looking at your official SAT score report or grading your own practice tests, you should take the time to interpret these scores. The insight they reveal into your strengths and weaknesses can be invaluable feedback as you sharpen your skills for the SAT. What’s Next? At this point, all students will be taking the redesigned SAT.If you're one of them, check out our comprehensive guide on how to study for the new SAT. You can also find lots of helpful strategies and study tip by section here. Just as cross-test scores and subscores can help you study in the most effective way, so too can taking the time to analyze your mistakes. Check out this guide to learn why studying your mistakes is the secret to boosting your scores and how to do it in the most effective way. Are you wondering how many hours of prep time you need to achieve your target scores? This 6 step guide helps you figure out exactly how long you need to study for the SAT to meet your goals. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

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Whats cool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Whats cool - Essay Example Different people had their own way of defining it. To begin with, cool was seen as a behavioral characteristic. Cool mainly, was a behavioral attitude practiced by black American men in the US. As a slang word, it was used to mean that a person is ok or in a relaxed state (Simchona par 1). Cool is also a positive attribute assigned to an awesome or great thing. Underdogs, rebels, and the likes of slaves, prisoners, bikers and political dissents, all fostered a cool attitude. This rebellion often invited punishment. Other people view cool as a state of well-being. In the modern society, cool is seen to bring a sense of serenity and internal peace. Other terms used to explain this is the absence of conflict, a state of balance and harmony. This meaning is of an African origin. In other cases cool can be used to describe the absence of excitement or composure in a person. The idiom, ‘Keep your cool’ best defines this. Also in the phrase ‘I’m cool with that’, used to express agreement or assent (Bornstein 3). People also view cool in the form of aesthetic appeal; it is taken as an attitude adopted by intellectuals and artists, who have aided in its infiltration into the culture. Today, it is a global phenomenon having spread across the globe. In fact, the concepts of cool have existed in several cultures over the centuries. Cool has also existed as an epithet. It is a common slag word among the young people and is well understood by the English- speaking people. It has gone to the extent of being used as a vocabulary in languages besides English. It is seen generally as an epithet with a range of related adjectival meanings. Through creativity and innovation, cool appears to be a classic case of resistance to authority. A paradoxical fusion of submission and subversion is represented by â€Å"so cool† (Bornstein 6). In the early 1960s and 1970s, cool like groovy was a very popular expression of satisfaction. Like groovy,

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Whats cool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Whats cool - Essay Example Different people had their own way of defining it. To begin with, cool was seen as a behavioral characteristic. Cool mainly, was a behavioral attitude practiced by black American men in the US. As a slang word, it was used to mean that a person is ok or in a relaxed state (Simchona par 1). Cool is also a positive attribute assigned to an awesome or great thing. Underdogs, rebels, and the likes of slaves, prisoners, bikers and political dissents, all fostered a cool attitude. This rebellion often invited punishment. Other people view cool as a state of well-being. In the modern society, cool is seen to bring a sense of serenity and internal peace. Other terms used to explain this is the absence of conflict, a state of balance and harmony. This meaning is of an African origin. In other cases cool can be used to describe the absence of excitement or composure in a person. The idiom, ‘Keep your cool’ best defines this. Also in the phrase ‘I’m cool with that’, used to express agreement or assent (Bornstein 3). People also view cool in the form of aesthetic appeal; it is taken as an attitude adopted by intellectuals and artists, who have aided in its infiltration into the culture. Today, it is a global phenomenon having spread across the globe. In fact, the concepts of cool have existed in several cultures over the centuries. Cool has also existed as an epithet. It is a common slag word among the young people and is well understood by the English- speaking people. It has gone to the extent of being used as a vocabulary in languages besides English. It is seen generally as an epithet with a range of related adjectival meanings. Through creativity and innovation, cool appears to be a classic case of resistance to authority. A paradoxical fusion of submission and subversion is represented by â€Å"so cool† (Bornstein 6). In the early 1960s and 1970s, cool like groovy was a very popular expression of satisfaction. Like groovy,

New Media Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

New Media Culture - Essay Example Indeed, social interactions and relationships have fulfilled several aims and social psychological aims of people. But in ages past, people have been more familiar with a traditional form of social relations whereby the people we come across in person become the only people we continue to relate to in our own unique social worlds. With technological advancement however, much of this trend has changed as technology has created an avenue for people to establish a social setting without really having to come to meet on a personal basis (Fiske, 1992). Sociality and communities have been digitized and advanced through technology and by the power of the internet through various social network platforms. In this essay, there is a careful scrutiny to new sociality and new communities as substitutes of old sociality and communities. As part of the scrutiny, the role of culture in technologically advanced societies shall be invested to come to conclusions with the merits and demerits associate d with new sociality and communities. Role of culture in technologically advanced societies Culture may generally be explained as the way in which a group of people live. This means it is the way of life of people and thus entails key variables that distinguish these people including language, meals, dressing, courtesy, social perception and interactivity. Culture has always been a key part of societies and communities. This is because most often than not, any given society is made up of people with core cultural similarities and the more these people are able to share these cultural similarities, the better it is for them to have their communities established (Wellman, B. et al., 2001). In cases where there are cultural differences, tolerance and acceptability have been identified to be the key to developing an effective community. Indeed, as much as this principle applies in the traditional setting, it has also been found to be useful and influential in this era of technologically advanced societies (Castells, 2001). Using various social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Whatsapp as examples, it can be noted that there is virtually none of these social media network that allows an open form of networking that lacks permissiveness by end users to decide who will be their social members and those who will not. This means that hosts and makers of these social networks understand the need for any two people to get along culturally well before relationships can be established in a technologically advanced society. Culture therefore plays the role of defining the kind of societies that can be established and how effective these societies will be once they are advanced into communities. Culture also determines whether or not people will have their social psychological needs satisfied in technologically advanced societies. Approaches to Social Network Theory Generally, social network theory makes use of two major approaches or schemes namely nod es and ties. As far as nodes are concerned, reference made to individual actors who are found within the network, while ties refer to the nature of relationships that are established between these actors (Granovetter, 1983). Social network theory has actually been related to traditional sociological studies, where it has been said that

Concert Orchestra experience Essay Example for Free

Concert Orchestra experience Essay I went to the UNT Concert Orchestra on Wednesday, October 3rd, 2012. It was held in Winspear Hall at the Murchison Performing Arts Center at 8:00 pm. The Concert was led by Conductor Clay Couturiaux and featured soloist Christopher Deane, who played the Marimba. The first piece was Variations on a Theme of Tchaikovsky, Op. 35a (1894) by Anton Arensky (1861-1906). The piece was written in 1894, in tribute to Pyotr Il’yich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893). It was based on the theme from the poem Legend†, written by Richard Henry Stoddard (1825-1903). This poem portrays the crucifixion of Christ. Arensky admired Tchaikovsky so much that he used the theme of â€Å"Legend† for a set of variations in the second movement of his Second String Quartet. This piece’s style is a themes and variations. Its instrumentation includes Cello solo, 2 Flutes, 2 Oboes, 2 Clarinets (A), 2 Bassoons + 2 Horns (F) + Violins I, Violins II, Violas, Cellos, and Double Basses. The second piece was Concerto for Marimba and Orchestra, Op. 34 (1957) by Robert Kurka (1921-1957). This piece introduced the marimba, which proved to the musical world that it could contend with instruments that had been used in orchestras and also provide a unique sound to the traditional orchestras played in regular concerts. This piece’s style is solo concerto. Its instrumentation includes the marimba and the orchestra. The third piece was Pictures at an Exhibition (1874) by Modest Mussorgsky (1839-1881). This piece was inspired by the paintings of the artist Viktor Hartmann (1834-1873). This piece’s style is an orchestral suite. Its instrumentation includes 3 Flutes (2nd and 3rd doubling Piccolos), 3 Oboes (3rd doubling Cor Anglais), 2 Clarinets in A and Bb, Bass Clarinet in A and Bb, Alto Saxophone, 2 Bassoons, Double Bassoon, 4 Horns in F, 3 Trumpet in C, 3 Trombones, Tuba, Timpani, Percussion (xylophone, triangle, rattle, whip, side drum, bass drum, cymbals, suspended cymbal), 2 Harps, Celesta, and Strings. I picked the pieces was Variations on a Theme of Tchaikovsky, Op. 35a (1894) by Anton Arensky and Concerto for Marimba and Orchestra, Op. 34 (1957) by Robert Kurka. Both of these pieces were distinctly different than one another. The piece by Arensky depicts a sense of deep sadness and despair as a whole. It starts out containing elements of intimacy and moves towards a slow moving harmony. The structure of the music matched the structure of the original poem. The variations of sounds expressed many shifting moods such as a dialogue between instruments. Mood changed quickly throughout the piece and showed different parts of the melody, from increments of joy, to sadness, to a deep sorrow. The rhythm seamlessly continued throughout the piece acting towards each of the different themes described in its construction. The piece by Kurka produced a new and different type of classical music that is unique to the orchestra. The use of the marimba stood out from the traditional orchestral instruments. The first movement begins with an alternation between the marimba and the orchestra. Its upbeat sound resonates in a catchy chiming sound whose rhythm is clear yet unexpected. It provides a playful side to a usually stern and focused orchestra. As the second movement begins, it as if the marimba is communicating to the orchestra itself. As if it is trying to fit in with these classic types of instruments through its unique dynamics and resounding tone. It seems to clash with its orchestral counterparts. By the third movement, it seems as if all the instruments reach an agreement on the legitimacy of the marimba through its colorful and exciting solo. Although both pieces are completely different than one another, they both exhibit emotion. Arensky exhibits cruel sounding music that discusses the importance of religion and a series of events that affects a wide variety of people. It evokes a sense of despair that expresses a deep sounding melody. Kurka exhibits a different type of music that discusses the marimba’s rise to becoming a part of classical orchestra. Its colorful timbre expresses a joyful and unique melody that pleases the human ear. Anton Arensky (12 July 1861 -25 February 1906), was a Russian composer of Romantic classical music, a pianist and a professor of music. Pyotr Tchaikovsky was the greatest influence on Arenskys musical compositions. Indeed, Rimsky-Korsakov said, In his youth Arensky did not escape some influence from me; later the influence came from Tchaikovsky. He will quickly be forgotten. The perception that he lacked a distinctive personal style contributed to long-term neglect of his music, though in recent years a large number of his compositions have been recorded. Therefore, his values are seemingly non-existent because of the major influence of Tchaikovsky and absence of his own personal work. Throughout the performance I did perceive a strong sense of historical value and defines not who Arensky was, but his role model Tchaikovsky and how his music conveyed a strong sense of religious value. Kurka’s Concerto for Marimba and Orchestra was the first marimba work to enjoy both widespread public appeal and widespread recognition of having a high level of musical sophistication fit for the concert hall. It debuted during the modern style period. It provided important historical value by Kurka finally representing everything that early marimba composers set out to do in one piece: create a sophisticated and serious musical work that is both challenging to the performer and which has widespread public appeal. I perceived an ongoing struggle throughout the piece, but as the performance continued it conveyed the struggle the instrument had to do in order to become a prominent part of the classical orchestra. Citatation Keunning, G. (1999). Symphony of the canyons. Retrieved from http://lasr. cs. ucla. edu/geoff/prognotes/mussorgsky/pictures. html Strain, James. Vida Chenoweth. Percussive Notes 32. 6 (1994): 8-9. Print. Stevens, Leigh Howard. An Interview with Vida Chenoweth. Percussive Notes 15. 3 (2002): 22-25. PAS Online Archive . Weir, Martin. Catching up with Vida Chenoweth. Percussive Notes 32. 3 (1994): 53-55. Print.

Substance Abuse And Mental Disorders Social Work Essay

Substance Abuse And Mental Disorders Social Work Essay Dual diagnosis between drug abuse and mental illness is very common. The two problems affect and interact with each other. The number of people diagnosed with a mental illness and substance went from 210,000 to 800,000 between the years of 1998-2003. (Druss MD, Bornemann, Fry-Johnson MD, McCombs PhD, Politzer, Rust MD, 2006) Substance abuse is the most common and clinically important dual disorder among adults with severe mental illness. Studies show that fifty percent of people with mental illness also have a substance abuse problem. (Saisan, Smith, Segal, 2010) And more than half the persons with a substance abuse diagnosis also have a diagnosable mental illness. (Saisan, Smith, Segal, 2010) Clinicians believe that mental illness and substance abuse are biologically and physiologically based. Although substance abuse and mental health disorders like depression and anxiety are closely linked, one does not directly cause the other. (Saisan, Smith, Segal, 2010) Both conditions can mirror each. PROBLEM STATEMENT: More and more people are suffering from a combination of substance abuse and mental health problems. Alcohol and/or drugs are often used to relieve the symptoms of a mental illness, side effects from their medications or just to cure symptoms they are having at the time. Alcohol and drug abuse can increase original risk for mental disorders and can make symptoms of a mental health problem worse. Substance abuse and mental illness commonly co-occur due to genetic factors, environmental factors, a brain disorder and/or a development disorders. Co-occurring disorders, two disorders or illnesses occur simultaneously in the same person, they are called dual diagnosis or co morbidity. (Topics in Brief, 2007) Treatment for this dual diagnosis has not been well designed. Clients have to go a treatment facility for mental health treatment and a different facility for substance abuse treatment. This kind of treat is not successful because this leaves the client trying to cope/manger a disorder on their own. It is almost impossible for them to manger the other disorder because if they could quit on their own they would not need treatment. It can be hard to diagnose a person with a dual diagnosis of mental illness and substance abuse. One of the things that makes diagnose hard is denial by the patient. Substance abuse and mental disorders commonly co-occur because of overlapping genetic vulnerabilities, overlapping environmental triggers like stress, involvement of similar brain regions, and drug abuse and mental illness are developmental disorders. (Topics in Brief, 2007) Having a dual diagnosis put a person at greater risk for relapse. Violence and suicide attempts are also more prevalent among the dually diagnosed population. BACKGROUND: The problem of dual diagnosis became clinically clear in the early 1980s. (Drake R. P., 2001) Substance abuse and mental illness hinders your ability to function, handle life and have a healthy social life. Mental illnesses are mental conditions that disrupt a persons thinking, feeling, mood, ability to relate to others and daily functioning. The World Health Organization has reported that four of the 10 leading causes of disability in the US are mental disorders. (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2010) Some of the major and the most common mental illness that occur with substance abuse are manic depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, generalize anxiety disorder and antisocial personality disorder. It is reported that about 57.7 million Americans experience a mental health disorder in a given year. (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2010) Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, refers to a maladaptive pattern of use of a substance that is not need to sustain life or to make it better. One in four US deaths can be attributed to alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drug use. (Innovatory Combating Substance Abuse, 2010) The commonly abused drugs by people with a mental illness are alcohol, cocaine and/or marijuana. Substance abuse complicates some aspect of care for a person with a mental disorder. It provides challenges for the counselor to engage the individual in treatment. About 50% of individuals with severe mental disorders are affected by substance abuse. (Saisan, Smith, Segal, 2010) Thirty-seven percent of alcohol abusers and 53% of drug abusers also have at least on serious mental illness. (Saisan, Smith, Segal, 2010) See the chart below. The risk of developing a drug abuse problem while having a disorder goes as high as 15.5% for antisocial personality disorder and as low as 02.1% for phobias. The mental health problems that most commonly co-occur with substance abuse are depression, anxiety disorders, and bipolar disorder. (Saisan, Smith, Segal, 2010) When a person has a dual diagnosis of substance abuse and mental illness the clinician has to determine what are the symptoms/signs of the substance abuse and what are the symptoms/signs are from the mental illness. Disorders with Increased Risk of Drug Abuse Disorder Risk Antisocial personality disorder 15.5% Manic episode 14.5% Schizophrenia 10.1% Panic disorder 04. 3% Major depressive episode 04.1% Obsessive-compulsive disorder 03.4% Phobias 02.1% Source: National Institute of Mental Health. (Drug Abuse and Mental Illness Fast Facts, 2006) At least 60% of people fighting substance abuse or mental illness are fighting both at the same time. (Bouchex, 2007) Patients with mood, anxiety or drug disorders are about twice as likely to be diagnosed with the other as well. Figure 1 (Topics in Brief, 2007) The prevalence of these dual diagnoses does not mean that one condition caused the other, even if one appeared first. The high rates show the need for better treatment and treatment centers able to deal with both at the same time. WORKING DIAGNOSIS: Substance abuse can cause mental disorders due to the fact that, drug abuse can cause a mental illness, mental illness can lead to drug abuse, drug abuse and mental disorders are both caused by other common risk factors all three can contribute to the establishment of specific dual diagnosis of mental disorders and addiction. (Topics in Brief, 2007) FRAMEWORK/METHOD OF ANALYSIS: I began my search using Google and searched using the terms Substance abuse and Mental Illness. This resulted in nine articles that were relevant to my topic all of which I used as references. I then went to the Pub Med Central database and searched using the term substance abuse and mental illness and found many articles. I used four of those articles as references. The other references were found on website such as National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Drug Intelligence Center. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (LITERATURE REVIEW): This review looks at progress made in understanding the relation between drug abuse and mental illness. Volkow found that the relationship between substance abuse and mental illness is likely to reflect common contributing factors and brain substrates. (Volkow, 2001) One of the main factors substance abuse and mental illness have in common is stress. A question that still remains is the role that drug abuse has on causing psychosis in individuals with no previous psychiatric histories. Stimulant drugs induce psychosis because they increase extracellular dopamine concentration in the brain. However it does not explain why psychosis can continue after the stimulant drug is no longer present in the brain. Regier, et al, broke his study down into specific mental disorders. This review found that of people with schizophrenia forty-seven percent has some form of substance abuse problem. People diagnosed with schizophrenia have a 4 times as likely then people who do not have schizophrenia to have a substance abuse problem. (Regier, et al., 1990) The odds for people diagnosed with anxiety disorders to have a substance abuse proplem were more than fourteen percent. It is believe that substance abuse may trigger mental illness in vulnerable individuals. Evidence show a complex explanation in which well-known risk factors- such as poor cognitive function, anxiety, deficient interpersonal skills, social isolation, poverty, and lack of structured activities combined to render people with mental illnesses particularly vulnerable to alcohol and drug abuse. (Drake, 2009) People that already have a mental disorder probably appear to be extremely sensitive to the effects of alcohol and other drugs, due to having a form of brain disorder. Drake, et al, explains the term dual diagnosis as misleading because people with a dual diagnosis are diverse and tend to have multiple illnesses rather than just two illnesses. Drake discusses how researchers have established some identical finding. First, co-occurrence is common. Second, dual diagnosis is associated with a variety of negative outcomes, including higher rates of relapse, hospitalization, violence, incarceration, homeless and serious infections such as HIV and hepatitis. (Drake R. P., 2001) Third, the mental health and substance abuse treatment system delivers fragmented and ineffective care. RESTATEMENT OF WORKING DIAGNOSIS (Hypothesis): There is evidence that substance abuse can lead to a mental disorder but also a mental disorder can also lead to a substance abuse, it is not known which comes first. Like the saying which comes first the chicken or the egg. It is said that having one of the diagnosis makes you vulnerable to the other. MANAGERIAL/POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS: Why people who are having a mental disorder are so prone to drug abuse raises a lot of questions due to the limited research done on the topic. The research so far is inconsistent and has failed to address a number of issues. There is a need for more research as well as more treatment center that are equipped to deal with dual diagnosis. The patient has two brain diseases that influence one another, and which both need treatment, at the same time. This is when dual diagnosis treatment is need. It is an approach used by clinicians to treat individuals affected by two co-occurring or coexisting conditions simultaneously. Dual diagnosis affects a person physically, mentally, spiritually, emotionally and socially. There is a need for an all-inclusive approach that identifies both disorders, evaluates both disorders, and at the same time treats both disorders. Many treatment centers now only treat one or the other. Substance abuse treatment are not recommended or designed to handle a ment al illness and vice versa. Awareness about the problem needs to be made public, so that people know the signs to look for and how to approach the person about their disorder correctly. Patients also need to be aware of the help that is available to them and support groups like Dual recovery Anonymous. There also needs to be better training for the counselors and physicians so that they will be able to better and accurately diagnosis patients. For recovery to be successful you must treats a clients addiction and mental health problem.

Stop Abortions Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Pro Choice Life Essay

Stop Abortions On January 22, 1973 the court decision of Roe vs. Wade stated that approved processes of abortion are legalized until viability, which is the point at which the fetus is capable of surviving outside the mother’s body. The decision allows individual states to regulate or ban abortion after viability except, however, when necessary to protect the life or physical well-being of the mother (10 Important1). It has been almost thirty years since that solemn day where a nation, built on the natural right of life to all of its citizens, allowed the intentional and legal termination of an unborn child. Immediately after that event, opposition to the newfound law felt that it would have to appeal and overturn the decision within a short time to avoid the practice from becoming infused into the nation too firmly. As years passed the judicial system worsened the situation with less stringent regulations. Almost every third baby conceived in America is being terminated (Willke2). But as time passes America has realized that pro-life supporters are still fighting and making progress. Pro-choice advocates have spelled out many arguments campaigning against pro-lifers and attempting to justify this blatant destruction of a child. I will attempt to nullify the validity of these arguments to the students of State University and display alternatives to this inhumane practice. The decision of Roe vs. Wade on January 22, 1973 has been a terrible burden on the United States and should be seriously reconsidered. Abortion, specifically partial birth abortion, is a malicious act towards a living human that deserves life as much as a full grown adult. Abortion Methods As abortions became more and more prevalent in Ameri... ... of the methods of abortion so adoption should always be considered. Women want to be respected and feel that they have a right to choose as to whether they have a child or not. I say that why can we not respect them both: the mother and child? Why can we not show compassion for these women in this situation and love the child who is at stake as well. We must educate society of the alternatives to benefit all parties involved. Works Cited â€Å"10 Important Facts About Abortion.† Act Now. Dec 8 2002. â€Å"Partial Birth Abortion: Is it Really Happening?† Abortion Facts. Dec 8 2002. Willke, J.C. â€Å"25 Years of Loving Them Both.† Abortion Facts. July 1997. Dec 8 2002.

Automobile Industry Pest Analysis Essay

1. Political Factors A) Environment Concerns: Leading to the quest for eco-friendly cars, people would prone to buy hybrid or even pure electric cars in the future. B) Government Regulations: Limitation on high emission car purchase, and the restrictive passage of autos in downtown area, as well as the limitation on license plate (number plate) in huge cosmopolitans. C) Some pioneering states in the US have started to set the rules to govern robotized motoring (autonomous driving). 2. Economic Factors. A) Economic growth has shifted from traditional strong western countries (US, West Europe, specifically) to other parts of the world, especially, East and Southeast Asia, Africa, and South America. B) Auto Markets in developed countries are saturated: High rate of auto owning, stable population and household quantity. The auto market there is typically of substitution of old car with new ones. C) Public Transportation Infrastructure including high speed rail network, intercity light-rail network, etc, will be perfected in developing countries. D) Fuel cost is on the wing, driving demand for mini-car, A-Class, Compact car. 3. Social Factors. A) In developing countries, owning a car is not only means of transportation but also a need of social status. B) People’s awareness of environment protection is growing. 4. Technological Factors. A) Technology for Electric Engine is maturing, and battery capacity is increasing. Some countries have started to establish infrastructure for electric charging stations. B) The aim to eliminate casualty caused by transportation accident will be met by the adoption and perfection of automatic pilot (unmanned driving). Google has started the trial operation of a fleet of autonomous driving cars. California and Nevada have set rules to govern robotized monitoring. Trend & Segment of Profitable Market for Automobile: 1. Smaller cars such as Mini-cars, A-Class passenger cars, and compact cars will have larger shares of market. 2. Eco-friendly cars and high-tech cars with auto-pilot function will lead the market. 3. Markets with high growth potential will be in developing countries or the so-called emerging economies. Supporting Data: GDP Growth Rate Index: (Source: World Bank) Country Name| 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| Macao SAR, China| 3.3 | 1.7 | 27.0 | 20.7 | Qatar| 17.7 | 12.0 | 16.6 | 18.8 | Mongolia| 8.9 | -1.3 | 6.4 | 17.5 | Turkmenistan| 14.7 | 6.1 | 9.2 | 14.7 | Ghana| 8.4 | 4.0 | 8.0 | 14.4 | Panama| 10.1 | 3.9 | 7.6 | 10.6 | Timor-Leste| 14.6 | 12.8 | 9.5 | 10.6 | Iraq| 9.5 | 4.2 | 0.8 | 9.9 | Liberia| 10.5 | 13.8 | 10.9 | 9.4 | Zimbabwe| -17.7 | 6.0 | 9.6 | 9.4 | China| 9.6 | 9.2 | 10.4 | 9.3 | Solomon Islands| 7.3 | -1.2 | 7.0 | 9.0 | Papua New Guinea| 6.7 | 5.5 | 8.0 | 9.0 | Argentina| 6.8 | 0.9 | 9.2 | 8.9 | Eritrea| -9.8 | 3.9 | 2.2 | 8.7 | Turkey| 0.7 | -4.8 | 9.2 | 8.5 | East Asia & Pacific (developing only)| 8.5 | 7.5 | 9.7 | 8.3 | Uzbekistan| 9.0 | 8.1 | 8.5 | 8.3 | Estonia| -4.2 | -14.1 | 3.3 | 8.3 | Rwanda| 11.2 | 6.2 | 7.2 | 8.3 | Sri Lanka| 6.0 | 3.5 | 8.0 | 8.3 | Kuwait| 5.0 | -5.2 | 3.4 | 8.2 | Lao PDR| 7.8 | 7.5 | 8.5 | 8.0 | Equatorial Guinea| 10.7 | 4.6 | -0.5 | 7.8 | Ecuador| 7.2 | 0.4 | 3.6 | 7.8 | Kazakhstan| 3.3 | 1.2 | 7.3 | 7.5 | Maldives| 12.2 | -4.7 | 5.7 | 7.5 | Tajikistan| 21.2 | 3.9 | 6.5 | 7.4 | Nigeria| 6.0 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 7.4 | Ethiopia| 10.8 | 8.8 | 9.9 | 7.3 | Mozambique| 6.8 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 7.1 | Cambodia| 6.7 | 0.1 | 6.0 | 7.1 | Georgia| 2.3 | -3.8 | 6.3 | 7.0 | Congo, Dem. Rep.| 6.2 | 2.8 | 7.2 | 6.9 | India| 3.9 | 8.2 | 9.6 | 6.9 | Paraguay| 4.2 | -3.5 | 14.2 | 6.9 | Peru| 9.8 | 0.8 | 8.8 | 6.8 | Saudi Arabia| 4.2 | 0.1 | 4.6 | 6.8 | Bangladesh| 6.2 | 5.7 | 6.1 | 6.7 | Uganda| 8.7 | 7.2 | 5.9 | 6.7 | Upper middle income| 6.1 | 2.0 | 7.8 | 6.6 | South Asia| 3.9 | 7.4 | 8.6 | 6.5 | Zambia| 5.7 | 6.4 | 7.6 | 6.5 | Indonesia| 6.0 | 4.6 | 6.2 | 6.5 | Tanzania| 7.4 | 6.0 | 7.0 | 6.4 | Moldova| 7.8 | -6.0 | 7.1 | 6.4 | Middle income| 5.7 | 2.7 | 7.7 | 6.4 | Low & middle income| 5.7 | 2.7 | 7.7 | 6.4 | Sierra Leone| 5.5 | 3.2 | 4.9 | 6.0 | Chile| 3.7 | -1.0 | 6.1 | 6.0 | Low income| 5.7 | 4.7 | 6.1 | 6.0 | Colombia| 3.5 | 1.7 | 4.0 | 5.9 | Vietnam| 6.3 | 5.3 | 6.8 | 5.9 | Lithuania| 2.9 | -14.7 | 1.3 | 5.9 | Palau| -6.1 | -4.6 | 0.3 | 5.8 | Lesotho| 5.4 | 2.9 | 5.6 | 5.8 | Europe & Central Asia (developing only)| 3.9 | -6.0 | 5.8 | 5.8 | Afghanistan| 3.6 | 21.0 | 8.4 | 5.7 | Botswana| 2.9 | -4.8 | 7.0 | 5.7 | Uruguay| 7.2 | 2.4 | 8.9 | 5.7 | Lower middle income| 4.6 | 5.2 | 7.3 | 5.7 | Kyrgyz Republic| 8.4 | 2.9 | -0.5 | 5.7 | Haiti| 0.8 | 2.9 | -5.4 | 5.6 | Bhutan| 4.7 | 6.7 | 11.8 | 5.6 | High income: nonOECD| 2.7 | -1.3 | 7.3 | 5.6 | Oman| 12.8 | 1.1 | 4.0 | 5.5 | Latvia| -4.2 | -18.0 | -0.3 | 5.5 | Among the countries with a REAL GDP growth rate on or above 5.5%, most of the countries are in South America, Africa, and Eastern Europe. GDP Growth Rate Map: (Source: World Bank). The darker the color, the higher the GDP growth rate of the country. We can see that major economic growth are all out of the traditional western countries. Recently, countries buying most cars are: (Source: http://visual.ly/2012-global-car-sales-statistics).